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  Issue creation and agenda content This Chapter tried to define issues and different types of political agendas. Issue is a conflict between two or more identifiable groups over procedural or substantive matters relating to the distribution of positions or resources. Triggering Devices natural catastrophe EX mine cave-in, air inversion, flooding and fire unanticipated human event EX spontaneous riot, murder and air hijeckings technological change in the environment that creates heretofore undiscussed questions. actual imbalance or bias EX distribution of resources ecological change EX population explosion Need initiator converts the problem into an issue. Agendas Two types of political agendas, systemic agenda and institutional, governmental or formal agenda. Systemic agenda consists of all issues that are commonly perceived by the political community. widespread attention or at least awareness shared concern of a sizable portion of the public that some type of action is required....

  Political Accountability in Hong Kong: Myth or Reality? ( Lam, J. T. (2009). Political accountability in Hong Kong: Myth or reality? Australian Journal of Public Administration , 68 , S73-S83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2009.00623.x ) This article assesses the practice of political accountability in Hong Kong. Theoretical review Political accountability Ministers are selected by those elected to comprise a team of rule (Dogan 1989). The concept of responsible government in a liberal democracy signifies that ministers are responsive to public opinions, that their decisions should be prudent and mutually consistent, and that they are answerable to the electorate and responsible for their actions (Marshall 1989). Generalizing the ministerial system as one that contains politicians as cabinet ministers who constitute the top echelon of the government, this analysis defines the term ‘minister’ as a legitimate representative who acquires a mandate through election or political...

Privatization This article aimed to give a general concept of privatization and discuss its causes and effects. Concept of privatization Sale of state-owned enterprises Contracting out public services to private providers (Public provider > Private provider = Contracting out, Private provider > Public provider = Contracting in ) Statutory body, also call “corporatization” and “marketization” Public-Private partnership refers to joint operation or collaboration between public and private organizations. Common forms of privatization are  contracts - government contracts with private sector providers to deliver public services franchises - government awards a private firm an exclusive right to provide a public service or operate a public asset in return for an annual lease payment or one-time upfront payment. divestiture - when government is getting out of a service, activity or asset entirely, often through outright sales In academics, the most important forms of privatization ...

This article aimed to use Kingdon’s multiple streams model to explain the failure of minimum unit pricing (MUP) for alcohol in England. This article believed that the reason why MUP failed is mainly due to political fluency.   Problem Stream (identification of an issue) Raising alcohol harms in society Who should be targeted by the policy? minority of problematic drinkers heavy episodic drinking rather than long-term heavy drinking   MUP is a whole population measure. However, MUP can also be said to be a targeted measure as not all products are affected by it.   Policy Stream (development of potential policy)   The development of MUP Modeling test by researchers at the University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research, which succeeded in changing the farming of policy debates to the whole-population approach.   Laid a foundation for policy entrepreneurs to bring forward proposals to adopt price-based interventions and create a window of opportunity ...