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  Issue creation and agenda content This Chapter tried to define issues and different types of political agendas. Issue is a conflict between two or more identifiable groups over procedural or substantive matters relating to the distribution of positions or resources. Triggering Devices natural catastrophe EX mine cave-in, air inversion, flooding and fire unanticipated human event EX spontaneous riot, murder and air hijeckings technological change in the environment that creates heretofore undiscussed questions. actual imbalance or bias EX distribution of resources ecological change EX population explosion Need initiator converts the problem into an issue. Agendas Two types of political agendas, systemic agenda and institutional, governmental or formal agenda. Systemic agenda consists of all issues that are commonly perceived by the political community. widespread attention or at least awareness shared concern of a sizable portion of the public that some type of action is required....

  Political Accountability in Hong Kong: Myth or Reality? ( Lam, J. T. (2009). Political accountability in Hong Kong: Myth or reality? Australian Journal of Public Administration , 68 , S73-S83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2009.00623.x ) This article assesses the practice of political accountability in Hong Kong. Theoretical review Political accountability Ministers are selected by those elected to comprise a team of rule (Dogan 1989). The concept of responsible government in a liberal democracy signifies that ministers are responsive to public opinions, that their decisions should be prudent and mutually consistent, and that they are answerable to the electorate and responsible for their actions (Marshall 1989). Generalizing the ministerial system as one that contains politicians as cabinet ministers who constitute the top echelon of the government, this analysis defines the term ‘minister’ as a legitimate representative who acquires a mandate through election or political...

Privatization This article aimed to give a general concept of privatization and discuss its causes and effects. Concept of privatization Sale of state-owned enterprises Contracting out public services to private providers (Public provider > Private provider = Contracting out, Private provider > Public provider = Contracting in ) Statutory body, also call “corporatization” and “marketization” Public-Private partnership refers to joint operation or collaboration between public and private organizations. Common forms of privatization are  contracts - government contracts with private sector providers to deliver public services franchises - government awards a private firm an exclusive right to provide a public service or operate a public asset in return for an annual lease payment or one-time upfront payment. divestiture - when government is getting out of a service, activity or asset entirely, often through outright sales In academics, the most important forms of privatization ...

This article aimed to use Kingdon’s multiple streams model to explain the failure of minimum unit pricing (MUP) for alcohol in England. This article believed that the reason why MUP failed is mainly due to political fluency.   Problem Stream (identification of an issue) Raising alcohol harms in society Who should be targeted by the policy? minority of problematic drinkers heavy episodic drinking rather than long-term heavy drinking   MUP is a whole population measure. However, MUP can also be said to be a targeted measure as not all products are affected by it.   Policy Stream (development of potential policy)   The development of MUP Modeling test by researchers at the University of Sheffield School of Health and Related Research, which succeeded in changing the farming of policy debates to the whole-population approach.   Laid a foundation for policy entrepreneurs to bring forward proposals to adopt price-based interventions and create a window of opportunity ...

  Tobacco Control in Singapore Protection from Tobacco Industry Interference Progress in Demand-Reduction Monitoring Prevalence of Tobacco Use through research / statistics / survey  Protecting People from Tobacco Use: Smoke-Free Environments and Prevention Legislation incrementally (Smoking (Prohibition in Certain Places) Act and Tobacco (Control of Advertisements and Sale of Tobacco) Act Penalty Offer Help to Quit Tobacco Use: Smoking Cessation Service Warnings about the Dangers of Tobacco Tobacco product packaging and labelling (First country in Asia) Enforce Bans on Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship Raise Taxes on Tobacco  Highest tobacco tax burden among ASEAN member ban duty free tobacco allowances for travellers since 1991 implement tobacco retailer licensing system impose excise control on tobacco products at storage and production warehouse Progress in Supply Reduction Illicit Trade stricter border control Sales to Minors minimum legal age from 18-21...

  Discussion flow Defination Citizen Participation is a categorical term for citizen power Redistribution of power that enables the have-not citizens ,presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future. It is a strategy by which the have-nots join in determining how information is shared, goals and policies are set, tax resources are allocated. Allow citizens to share in the benefits of the affluent society. Ladder of citizen participation The bottom rungs are manipulation and therapy, which describe the levels of “non participation” The real goal in this level is not to enable people to participate in planning or conducting programs, but to enable power holders to “educate” or “cure” the participation Rungs 3 and 4, represent informing and consultation.  Progress to levels of “tokenism” that allow the have-nots to hear and to have a voice. lack the power to insure that their views will be heeded by the powerful. Rungs 5 Pla...